Thursday, December 26, 2019

Find out What the MILF Acronym Means

Similar to a cougar but not exactly the same, the acronym MILF has been a part of our cultural lexicon since it popped up in the 1999 hit movie American Pie. It refers to a woman, specifically a mom, who becomes an object of sexual fantasy for her childrens teenaged friends. Or, to be blunt, a mother Id like to f***. FILFs and DILFs Yes, there are male equivalents to the MILF, but its interesting to note that what makes these dads sexy are their parenting skills. In other words, DILFs are attractive in part because of their nurturing qualities, not despite them. Cultural Origins Its impossible to pinpoint the first time MILF was used, but stories about the fantasy—and the reality—of young men having sexual relationships with older women have been played out time and again throughout popular culture. Aristophanes addressed the subject as early as B.C.E. 391 in his comedy, Women of the Assembly, in which the women of Athens take over the government and decree that no man can have sex with a young woman without first having sex with an elderly one. Nearly 2,000 years later, American writer Edith Wharton pens The Age of Innocence, a novel of the social stratifications that exist among the upper-crust denizens of Gilded Age New York City. Its major plot point centers on the love affair between young lawyer Newland Archer and his fiances cousin, the 30-year-old Countess Olenska, who at the time would have been considered an old maid. And we have countless films that tackle the topic, from The Graduate to Harold and Maude to Bull Durham. Cougar vs. MILF Many of the women in these books and movies could be referred to as cougars, a term that describes a woman over the age of about 35 who exhibits so-called predatory behavior toward men who are 10 or more years younger than they are. Unlike MILFs, cougars dont necessarily have children, and they are usually the ones doing the seducing. Implicit in the definition of a MILF is that she is primarily a fantasy. In addition, a MILF is not just any older woman, she is a mom, more specifically, a hot mom, a mother whose childrens friends find sexually attractive. American Pie Probably the first time that MILF achieved buzzword status was in the 1999 coming-of-age movie American Pie. In it, comedic actress Jennifer Coolidge plays the attractive mother of a teenage boy named Stifler. One of Stiflers rivals, Paul Finch, finds himself lusting after Stiflers mom, and although she plays her part for laughs, Coolidge infuses her performance with enough seductiveness that Stiflers mom became the prototypical MILF. The term was so ubiquitous that the band Fountains of Wayne were inspired to write a 2003 song riffing on the topic called Stacys Mom, complete with a video that borders on the scandalous. Congratulatory or Derogatory? By and large, in our culture, women are seen as vital only so long as they remain fertile. Once they enter menopause, many women are treated as invisible—and they begin to feel invisible as well. Which is why some women consider it a compliment to be called a MILF. After all, it confers a sense of prolonged youth, and the ability to still wield sexual power over men. But the term is also problematic. First of all, it qualifies the extent to which an older woman is considered attractive. In other words, you may look good, but you look good for an old hen—just dont go thinking youre still a spring chicken. More troubling, however, is the fact that the teenagers who find their friends mothers attractive are underage. Sure, one could argue, MILFs do not necessarily take advantage of their childrens friends. They are simply the objects of their fantasies. Yet, in American Pie, Stiflers mom does end up having sex with Paul Finch. Imagine if the roles were reversed and Stiflers mom was Stiflers dad—hed be arrested for statutory rape and branded a pedophile.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Workplace Violence And Its Effects On The Workplace

Employees encountering the biggest number of vicious attacks are those in medicinal services occupations—attendants specifics, and specialists, medical attendants and assistants who manage psychiatric patients; individuals from crisis restorative reaction groups; and doctor s facility workers working in confirmations, crisis rooms, and emergency or intense consideration unit. This is violence committed by an aggressor who either gets administrations from or is under the custodial supervision of the influenced work environment or the casualty. The aggressors can be present or previous clients or customers, for example, travelers, patients, understudies, prisoners, criminal suspects or detainees. The specialists regularly give direct administrations to general society, for instance, civil transport or railroad drivers, human services and social administration suppliers, instructors and deals work force. Law requirement staff is additionally in danger of strike from the people over whom they apply custodial supervision. (Oliver, 2015). 3) Violence by co-workers This sort of workplace violence gets a large portion of the media space. It happens when a specialist enters the working environment and carries on brutally against an administrator or collaborator. To keep this sort of violence, manager or leaders in the workplace must always search for indications of mental pain, for example, a withdrawal from socialization, an increment in at work unsettling and a decrease in workShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1676 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace violence (WPV) is defined as â€Å"any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site† (OSHA, n.d., para. 1). For the nursing profession these threats include the following sources: nurse to nurse, patient to nurse, relatives to nurse, other health professionals to nurse. WPV happens in all healthcare settings, however some units are known to have higher incidences than others. On e healthcare setting that isRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1501 Words   |  7 Pagesin the rate of workplace violence in private-sector hospitals by 110% (2016). Workplace violence, which consists of physical and psychological abuse during work or on duty, has been an increasing problem in the healthcare industry. Workplace violence occurs in all types of healthcare settings such as hospitals and nursing homes and includes violence from patients, visitors, invaders, and coworkers. Although many states, including California, have laws preventing workplace violence, there is no federalRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1751 Words   |  8 Pageswe think of violence, we often reflect on an image the news has portrayed. We think of gun violence, robberies, or some other brutal attack that has left one dead or seriously injured. It is common to assume that this is often occurs in low income, poverty stricken areas. A description is p rovided of substance abusers, broken families, racism, and a host of other reasons why violence occurs. Sometimes, in the majority of cases, this description is correct. At any time, workplace violence can occurRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1235 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Violence in the workplace has been around for centuries. Everything from verbal abuse and harassments to physical abuse and murders have been known to happen in a business. During the 1980’s several violent attacks happened in the Postal Service, public awareness of workplace violence began in August of 1986 when a postal employee shot and killed fourteen people before killing himself. Prior to these killings, violence in the workplace was only referred to as getting injured on theRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1799 Words   |  8 PagesViolence in the workplace can happen to anyone at anytime, anywhere that is possible. Everyone is not safe from workplace violence, which is why we need to identify and prevent this from happening. Violence can cause a significant amount of fatalities and injuries throughout the entire United Sates. Nearly 2 million Americans are affected by assaults and violent acts by people in the workplace. Workplace Violenc e could also damage someone’s trust and the sense of security while working with othersRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1191 Words   |  5 Pages Workplace Violence Abstract In the last several years, instances of violence in the workplace has risen dramatically. As of 2010, approximately a million people has been affected by this type of violence. Although violence in the workplace is not anything new, it is steadily receiving attention because of the rise in the instances of violence and the part that the media is playing in the reporting of these occurrences. Throughout my paper I will discuss certain instances of violenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace1154 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Workplace violence is defined in the OHSA as the exercise or attempted exercise of physical force by a person against a worker, in a workplace, that causes or could cause physical injury to the worker, or a statement or behavior that it is reasonable for a worker to interpret as a threat to exercise physical force against the worker, in a workplace, that could cause physical injury to the worker(ecentennial reading). ). It can happen at or outside the working environmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace947 Words   |  4 Pages According to The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health workplace violence is described as any physical assault, threatening behavior or verbal abuse that takes place in the workplace. Violence includes all behaviors ranging in aggressiveness from verbal harassment to murder. Currently there is no law that requires protection for violence which occurs in the workplace. However some states throughout the country has reached out to legislation an established prevention programsRead MoreThe Effects Of Lateral Violence On The Workplace1159 Words   |  5 Pageswithin many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in the workplace and how to encourage civility. Lateral violence is defined as acts that occur between colleagues wherein, bullying isRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On Nursing1329 Words   |  6 Pages Effects and Management of Workplace Violence in Nursing Gurdeep Kaur, Virender Kaur, and Ana Tolentino Jimenez California State University, Bakersfield Effects and Management of Workplace Violence in Nursing Workplace violence occurs due to an interpersonal conflict between two or more people that results from differences in their needs, ideas, goals, interests, or values (Marquis and Huston, 2015). Workplace violence is not limited to physical violence; it also includes negative

Monday, December 9, 2019

Barn Burning Essay Thesis Example For Students

Barn Burning Essay Thesis Youre getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you aint going to have any blood to stick to you. This quote from William Faulkners Barn Burning does reveal a central issue in the story, as Jane Hiles suggests in her interpretation. The story is about blood ties, but more specifically, how these ties affect Sarty the central character of the story. The story examines the internal conflict and dilemma that Sarty faces. When the story begins, Sarty and his family are in a courtroom. Sarty, known in a proper setting as Colonel Sartoris, which in itself gives an insight into the families mentality. Sartys father, Abner Snopes is being accused of a barn burning. Right away, as Sarty is called to testify, you get an idea of what is going through the boys head, and the mentality that has be ingrained in him. He thinks to himself, Enemy! Enemy! , referring to the people that his father and his family for that matter are up against. Sarty would later discover that things are not always the way that his father leads everyone to believe they are. Sarty, somewhere deep down wants to just do what is right, but being roughly 10 years old, I dont think he quite has that figured out yet. His sense of right and wrong has been biased under the tyranny of his father. We also get a good idea of the personality of the father, Abner, by the way Sarty describes his physical appearance. Abner is not a man of a lot of words, demonstrated in many instances. We see this in the way he addresses his family, in the way he communicates with other characters, and most importantly in his outrageous stunts in his attempts to prove that know one will ever run over Abner Snopes and his family. He more or less uses actions to speak for him. Thats sort of the whole idea behind Abner Snopes. Hes a man with so much pride that he will go to any lengths to get revenge upon those who wrong him or try to own him, even if it means breaking the law. His actions, make bold statements about what kind of man he is. Barn burning is his largest and always final statement. But, he sort of builds up to that, as we can see in the story. Once Abner and his family are run out of town in the beginning of the story which seems to be a frequent occurrence with this family they find another home and another farm to work. Immediately, Abner takes Sarty up to the landlords house, where Abner purposely steps in manure and walks into the house and proceeds to rub the manure into a very fine rug. There seems to be no apparent reason for the action other than the fact that the landlord in a way owns Abner Snopes and his family, because the landlord own the land they will have to work for a living. Therefore, they are at the mercy of the landlord. This doesnt sit well with Abner, and the purpose of soiling the rug must be, again to make a statement about who he is, and to let the landlord know that he doesnt bow to anyone. Soon, the rug is brought down to the farm and presented to the family, who must now clean it. Abner, instead of getting his wife, or his sons to clean the rug, not to mention himself as well instructs his two daughters, described as big, lethargic and bovine, to take care of the task. The rational behind this is, Abner knows that the two daughters will more than likely not do a proper job of washing the rug. Hes a very spiteful man. When the rug is returned to the owner and determined to be ruined, Abner is ordered to pay the land owner twenty bushels of corn against his families share of the crop. .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d , .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .postImageUrl , .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d , .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:hover , .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:visited , .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:active { border:0!important; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:active , .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e7d8009f6743a28d99a0b0b8a65e04d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anna Karenina and Hester Prynne EssayIt is later decided in court, by the Justice of the Peace that he will only be required to pay ten bushels of corn. Of course, Abner, being the way he is, will still not stand for it. Inevitably, one night Abner decides he will make his signature statement, the barn burning. Of course, the story doesnt come right out and say this, there is an ambiguous quality to this work by Faulkner. We are clued into Abners plans for the burning when Sarty is sent to get the oil. Then, when Sarty, says Aint you going to even send a nigger? we can confirm what is planned. It is at this point that the conflict within Sarty arises once more. Sarty had hoped that his father would stop this evil pattern of destruction and disregard for the law and the property of others. However, Sarty at this point is beginning to realize that his father will probably never change. He contemplates running away, something he will soon do. After being detained by his mother for a short time, at his fathers request, Sarty breaks free and heads directly for the land owners house. He knows now what he must do. He must warn them of what his father and older brother and about to do. Continually on the run, Sarty warns the people in the big white house and takes off down the road. Sarty soon hears a number of shots, which he assumes to be his father and brother being shot by the landlord who has caught them in the act. This may or may not be the case, again, this shows the ambiguity of the story in various places. Regardless of what actually happened, he knows he can never go back. He just keeps on going, and never looks back. It is at this point that Sarty breaks the blood ties, and the fear of suffering the wrath of his fathers. Sarty is free. But, not without paying a price. I believe Sarty still feels that pull of blood that the author speaks of, and he made this decision with obviously a lot of feelings on both sides of the issue. He still cares for his family, he still loves his father, even though he now realizes that what his father does is wrong and he had to try to stop it and cease to be a part of it. The fact that Sarty can never return home is not a question of whether he choose that, but rather its not a choice, he cant go back. So, the conflict within Sarty is not really every resolved, just the situation changed.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Problem of Demarcation

The discussion of the nature of science is important for philosophers, scientists, historians, and sociologists because science influences the society significantly. However, there are many hypotheses which cannot be discussed as scientific in their nature because they cannot be supported with any evidence. At this stage, philosophers of science speak about non-scientific knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Demarcation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stating that there should be certain criteria of science, researchers introduce the crucial problem of philosophy of science which is the demarcation problem. The demarcation problem is in the necessity to provide the clear criteria for distinguishing between science and non-science, pseudoscience in particular, and this problem is important because the society should not be manipulated in relation to principles of pseudoscience (Pigliucci Bou dry 2013, p. 12). Although philosophers and scientists are inclined to speak much about science and non-science, including pseudoscience, the strict criteria to distinguish science from non-science are still undetermined, and proposed solutions to solve the problem of demarcation cannot be evaluated as relevant because existing criteria based on verification, falsifiability, and definition of knowledge contradict with each other. While attempting to solve the problem of demarcation, it is necessary to answer such questions as: What is science? What is the scientific knowledge? What are criteria to distinguish between the scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge? The fact that philosophers and scientists try to find the adequate answers to these questions during long periods of time supports the idea that the problem of demarcation is important to be solved to prevent the bad impact of pseudoscientific knowledge on the society. Thus, the problem of demarcation is traditional ly correlated with the principles of empiricism. One of the most debatable solutions to cope with the demarcation problem was proposed by the representatives of the Vienna Circle who focused on the necessity of verification (Pigliucci Boudry 2013, p. 24). However, the criterion of verification was discussed by Karl Popper as inappropriate to solve the demarcation problem.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his works, Karl Popper not only labels the problem of demarcation but also criticises the focus on verification principle as the criterion to speak about science and pseudoscience. To distinguish between science and pseudoscience, Popper starts with stating what is wrong with Marxism, Freud’s psychoanalysis, and Adler’s individual psychology because these theories seem to be like myths rather than like scientific knowledge (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 4-5). While focusing on the theories, Popper concludes that these theories are pseudoscientific because they seek for verification. According to Popper, â€Å"once your eyes were thus opened you saw confirming instances everywhere: the world was full of verifications of the theory† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 5). Thus, verification cannot serve as the criterion because supportive facts can be found for any theory. To rely on risky predictions and a scientific theory as a kind of prohibition is more important for scientists. As a result, a theory â€Å"which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 7). That is why, it is possible to note that Popper concentrates on refutability which is correlated with testability. Being a prohibition, a testable theory can work as the scientific knowledge. Thus, it is necessary to speak about the criterion of falsifiability which is based on refutability and testability as the main solution t o the significant problem of demarcation. Popper concentrates on falsifiability as the main criterion to discuss statements and hypotheses as scientific, and this criterion opposes the verification criterion because Popper states that really scientific statements can fail empirically because there is the evidence to discuss and prove the statements as false (Jarvie, Milford, Miller 2006, p. 51-55). On the contrary, pseudoscience needs to be confirmed or verified with the help of evidences, and, that is why, the results can be fabricated. Thus, pseudoscience refers to â€Å"induction to generate theories, and only performs experiments to seek to verify them† (Newbold Roberts 2007, p. 324).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Demarcation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Popper, only falsifiability can determine the theory and knowledge’s scientific status (Keuth 2005, p. 112 ). Pseudoscientific ideas cannot be tested to demonstrate their false character. However, Popper’s attempt to solve the problem of demarcation cannot be discussed as successful because the other researchers support the idea that science cannot be limited to any scope because of its constant progress in combination with the non-scientific knowledge. Furthermore, it is important to find the balance between the use of the falsifiability criterion and the verification criterion with the focus on the principle of induction (Pigliucci Boudry 2013, p. 81). It is significant to note that in spite of absence of strict criteria, scientists and philosophers of science are inclined to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. Thomas Kuhn, the critic of Popper’s ideas, states that the solution to the problem is in the paradigm of the science itself, however, his proposition is not relevant for discussing the aspects of quasi-science and bad science (Newbold Roberts 2007, p. 326). Referring to the ideas expressed by Imre Lakatos, it is possible to conclude that the criterion cannot be determined strictly. Imre Lakatos is the famous critic of Popper’s approach to the demarcation problem. Lakatos states that if scientists accept the fact that falsifiability can be used as the demarcation criterion, researchers do not â€Å"demarcate scientific theories from pseudoscientific ones, but rather scientific method from non-scientific method† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 22). That is why, this criterion cannot be considered as relevant and strong. Lakatos pays attention to the fact that scientists are usually not inclined to give up supporting failing hypotheses, and they often choose to propose the rescue hypotheses (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 23-24). As a result, the process of working with the scientific theory is more complicated in comparison with the explanation proposed by Popper. That is why, Lakatos focuses not on determining the co ncrete demarcation criterion, but on discussing the idea of scientific research programmes as the criterion to distinguish between scientific and non-scientific theories.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, scientific research programmes can be progressive and degenerating ones, and progressive programmes can be discussed as really scientific ones because they are more effective than degenerating programmes (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 25). From this point, Lakatos rejects Popper and Kuhn’s ideas, and proposes the more complex vision of the problem and its solution. Scientists and philosophers still discuss the variety of ways and methods to solve the problem of demarcation. The solutions proposed by Popper, Kuhn, and Lakatos are discussed as controversial because it is almost impossible today to propose the appropriate solution to the problem as the whole. For instance, according to Miller, the problem of demarcation can be solved in â€Å"a satisfactory manner once we admit that what we call scientific knowledge cannot be knowledge in the traditional empiricist sense†, and moreover, it should be accepted that this knowledge â€Å"cannot be derived from exp erience by induction, or by any other method; and far from having a foundation in experience, it consists largely of unsupported conjectures or guesses† (Miller 2006 p. 86). This provocative approach to solving the demarcation problem is correlated in a way with Resnik’s proposition because admitting the importance of core principles to distinguish between science and non-science, the researcher states that â€Å"particular judgments and decisions about something’s scientific status depend, in part, on practical goals and concerns† (Resnik 2000, p. 249). As a result, the range of solutions to the demarcation problem is large, but there are no widely acceptable approaches because of the solutions’ obvious limits. The problem of demarcation can be discussed as the main issue related to the philosophy of science because this problem is associated with the definition of scientific knowledge. The importance of the problem depends on the fact that philoso phers and scientists admit the idea that science and pseudoscience should be distinguished strictly to avoid the negative consequences for forming the knowledge accepted within the society. The problem is significant, but the attempts to solve it cannot be discussed as effective and successful because the proposed solutions contradict with each other and cannot cover the whole scope of the scientific knowledge which is in the constant progress. As a result, the problem of demarcation and the necessity to find the criteria remain to be important and even urgent for the scientific world. Reference List Curd, M, Cover, J, Pincock, C 2013, Philosophy of science: the central issues, Norton Company, USA. Jarvie, I, Milford, K, Miller, D 2006, Karl Popper: a centenary assessment, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., UK. Keuth, H 2005, The philosophy of Karl Popper, Cambridge University Press, UK. Miller, D 2006, Out of error: further essays on Critical Rationalism, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., UK. Ne wbold, D Roberts, J 2007, ‘An analysis of the demarcation problem in science and its application to therapeutic touch theory’, IJNP, vol. 13. no. 6, pp. 324-330. Pigliucci, M Boudry, M 2013, Philosophy of pseudoscience: reconsidering the demarcation problem, University of Chicago Press, USA. Resnik, D 2000, ‘A pragmatic approach to the demarcation problem’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 31. no. 2, pp. 249-267. This essay on The Problem of Demarcation was written and submitted by user Audriana Pacheco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.